Stress related to workplace conditions

Introduction Stress in the workplace may be defined as a situation in which an individual has to strain to cope with workplace conditions. Michie (2002) describes work related stress as a situation in which an individual’s â€Å"psychological and physical resources are not sufficient to cope with the demands of the environment and the task being handled† (67). Psychological factors have a strain on a person’s mind or emotions. Physical factors are those related to the ability of the body to function correctly in the work environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stress related to workplace conditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unpredictability and uncertainty of work situations are recognized as the main causes of stress in the workplace. Time limits that an individual considers inadequate may also be a cause of stress. There are individuals who will have a tendency to be frequently stressed because of their limited ability to withstand difficult situations. There are some work situations that will also increase the possibility of experiencing stress. Ergonomics involves designing space for the most efficient and comfortable use (Katsigris Thomas 139). In a restaurant business, there is increased need to move speedily and repetitively. It requires enough space and reduction of barriers to movement. However, space is costly and quick service shops tend to reduce the cost by choosing small-sized spaces. Some of the quick service shops are also associated with work overload. There is a need to reduce the pace of service and reduce work overload. Causes of workplace stress The causes of stress in the workplace that are related to work include poor physical environment, excess work assignment, inadequate time for completion of tasks, physical danger among others (Michie 68). An individual’s role in organization is another cause of stress in the workplace. It may be caused by uncertainty about the role that an individual plays in an organization. Michie (68) describes such a situation as role ambiguity. The type of work that an individual covers is not clearly defined or varies everyday. Role conflict is another cause categorized under role in organizations (MacDonald 19). It involves two or more employees playing the same role that ought to be exclusively covered by one person. The multiple individuals may not share the same opinion on how work should be done (Daft Marcic 358). Responsibility for people under your team or organization may also be another source of stress. This is the case where a team leader or manager has to take responsibility for the mistakes committed by someone else. MacDonald (20) argues that the management style used by an organization may be a source of workplace stress. Michie argues that â€Å"managers who are critical, unsupportive, or bullying may be a source of workplace stress† (69). Unpaid overti me is also a cause of stress. Internal and external reorganization may be a cause of stress when individuals are given different roles or new environment (Michie 68). Reorganization may take many forms such as mergers or downsizing.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another group of work-related stress comes from career development issues. They may include lack of job promotion opportunities. Michie (68) describes under promotion and over promotion as possible causes of stress in the workplace. Over promotion may be a cause in that the individual may lack expertise to carry out his/her new duties. Under promotion may be the situation where an individual feels he/she is qualified to fill a higher rank. Under promotion may be a cause lack of enough work which is also related to stress. Individuals who lack job security may be stressed depending on their well-being. Those who have other s ources of income may be less concerned about being laid off. When organization appears to undermine an individual’s ambition it may also result in stress. Relationships in the workplace are another source of work-related stress. Poor relationship with the supervisor, other employees, or customers may be a cause of stress (MacDonald 20). Environmental factors such as poor amenities, noise or other forms of pollution may also cause stress. Organization structure and climate may also be a cause of work-related stress (Michie 68). In this category, stress arises when the senior staff has a tendency of making decisions without consultation. Stress may arise by setting too many restrictions on employee behavior. Workplace stress may also be generated from the situation where an organization is facing financial difficulties (Michie 68). Financial difficulty may result in changes in organizational behavior to reduce costs that may be difficult for employees to adopt. Human reaction t o workplace stress Human reaction to sudden causes of alarm such as a verbal confrontation with the manager may result in many physiological responses. These may include increased breathing, heart rate, or widely opened eyes. When the causes of the sudden alarm are things that the employee can escape from such as fire, the employee muscles respond (Michie 67). Sometimes when the cause of stress is repeated from time to time, the employees may take an adaptive response. For example, if the verbal confrontations from a manager or supervisor are common, employees may soon describe it as the nature of their superiors which should not be taken seriously. Michie (67) argues that adaptation is a form of human reaction to stress that gradually tends to reduce the impact of a repetitive strenuous situation. When employees fail to adapt to the causes of workplace stress, it may develop into a third stage known as exhaustion (Michie 67). In this case, health complications and bad personal habi ts may replace the good character of an employee.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stress related to workplace conditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different people have different levels of vulnerability to stress depending on their lack of resources. Michie (69) identifies lack of material resources such as lack of an alternative source of income may increase risk of experiencing stress. Michie (69) argues that psychological factors such as low self esteem may also increase vulnerability to stress. There are instances when work-related stress is transferred at home in the case of work overload. Women are recognized as likely to experience stress at work that merges with pressures at home (Michie 70). Hellriegel Slocum (199) discuss that having many roles to play may cause stress. For example, roles at home, church, or managing a sports team as well as the work may be a cause of pressure to an individual. Work-related stress may develop into complicated health problems if experienced for a long period such as diastolic blood pressure and mental illness. Some of the symptoms that may develop as a result of work-related stress include â€Å", escapist drinking, smoking, depressive mood, job dissatisfaction among others† (Michie 68). Some individuals may react to work-related stress by a change in attitude towards work. This may be followed by poor work performance and bad conduct. Absenteeism and lateness are also associated with work-related stress. Other effects of stress include memory loss and lack of concentration at the workplace. MacDonald argues that â€Å"lack of attention to detail may lead to increased mistakes† (21). Some individuals may show indecision or delay in making decisions. Individuals may also report physical aches and pains that may lack explanation. Individuals may show all these symptoms related to stress but it is likely that they may deny being stressed. MacDonald (21) argues that an individual may deny work-related stress because of the possibility of being perceived as incompetent. Others may be embarrassed to be seen as unable to work under pressure. Some employees may also be unable to recognize that they are actually stressed. Dealing with workplace stress Stress can be managed at the individual level and the organizational level. At the individual level, stress may be effectively reduced by training employees to deal with stress. The training program includes topics on awareness. Workers are taught to recognize the beginning of stress.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is necessary because an early discovery of stress makes it easier to treat. Training is also carried out on skills of relaxation, and a lifestyle that reduces the effect of stress. There is training to boost self confidence and motivation. It is a way of reducing risk of experiencing stress associated with lack of psychological factors (Michie 70). Individuals are taught how to analyze a situation that causes stress and how to minimize the impact of the source. At the organizational level increased support to employees may be seen as an effective way of reducing stress. Engaging groups in making decisions may reduce work-related stress. Teaching the staff communication skills and expressions of empathy may also reduce stress (Michie 71). Organizations should ensure that individuals are given roles on positions they are qualified. Individuals should have the necessary skills to complete a task. Organizations should also ensure that employees have the necessary equipment and mate rials to carry out the job. Organizational culture is recognized for creating stability and predictability within an organization. Organizational culture may include the beliefs, values and behavior associated with an organization that may be attributed to its success. Organizational culture determines â€Å"how we act, think, and behave as well as providing a structure that makes work predictable and stable† (Peterson Wilson 18). Organizational culture may reduce the impact of difficult situations by making them predictable. Organizations may have structures to help individuals under workplace stress. James Arroba (16) argue that supportive structure may not be enough unless it is integrated as part of the organization. It should be an on-going process. Before dealing with stress, the management needs to identify the context of stress. It involves carrying out assessment to identify causes of stress. It also involves evaluation to look at the effectiveness of the remedial action used. Benefits of workforce wellness Workforce wellness concerns the health and financial well-being of employees. Organizations ought to encourage employees to choose lifestyles that promote better health, financial well-being and physical fitness. Increased employee wellness is associated with reduced cost of insurance. When employees adopt habits that improve their health, the organization is likely to benefit from reduced insurance cost. Companies may reduce the number of employees as a result of increased premium. A study by Price Waterhouse Coopers in 2009 indicated that about 20% of large organizations in the U.S. were likely to reduce the number of employees because of increased insurance costs (Healey Zimmerman, Jr. 140). Reduced insurance costs are beneficial to individuals as well as organizations. Organizations may benefit from reduced risk of chronic disease on their workers as a result of conducting wellness programs. Individual wellness improves when organizat ions encourage healthy habits such as correct diet, physical fitness, and controlled smoking and alcohol use (Healey Zimmerman, Jr. 141). Practicing healthy habits results in reduced rate of chronic disease development as individuals grow older. The benefits may be reduced absenteeism and long productive lives for workers. Healthy employees are considered to be more productive. An organization is more likely to increase profits when it manages the wellness of employees. Workplace wellness is also associated with employee loyalty and motivation (Healey Zimmerman, Jr. 145). As a result of this, employers may find it easier to recruit and retain employees. Other benefits of workforce wellness at the individual level include reduced vulnerability to workplace stress, high self-esteem, and improved self-image (â€Å"Benefits of Worksite Wellness Programs† par. 5). The benefits at the individual level may also benefit the organization through increased productivity. Restaurant er gonomics Ergonomics involves the design of the workplace in such a way that it increases safety and efficient use of energy. It is concerned with designing the working space â€Å"with safety, comfort, and productivity in mind† (Katsigris Thomas 139). Working in a restaurant involves a lot of repetitive movement. As a result of the speed required to reach demands, workers are likely to experience strain from quick movement. Strain may also be caused by static postures. Injury may come from bumps, burns or cuts (â€Å"Restaurant Ergonomics† 1). Ergonomics is carried out on a hypothetical small-sized cafà © known as ‘Smallings’ located in the U.S. on a busy street. Because of its small-sized space and location on a busy street, ‘Smallings’ is likely to be overcrowded if it is not well designed. Space is costly and available space has to be used optimally. To increase capacity, ‘Smallings’ has designed a table-format that is attach ed to the walls. It uses elongated tables that are attached at the corners leaving space only for the outside door and entrance into the kitchen. To avoid boredom of facing walls, the cafe has used transparent glass walls by a big percentage. Its location at the corner of the building allows two sides to be transparent. The waitress was complaining of work overload during busy hours. The manager added another waitress but also made changes to seats-arrangement. The manager has decided to add an additional elongated table at the center which may be used on opposite sides by different people. When there was only one waitress, she was required to move speedily to cope with the demand. The space at the center allowed for swift movement. The floor was designed for aesthetic value and ease in cleaning but it could be slippery when wet. For sanitation standards, a person cleaning should not serve food. The manager decided that the person cleaning utensils could also be cleaning the tables and wiping the floor in case of spills. Ergonomics of ‘Smallings’ The additional table has reduced space of movement and it is likely to cause injury as a result of repeated bumping onto sides of the table as the waitress tries to maintain the same speed. It may also increase work strain from being unable to keep up with reduced speed and the number of orders given by customers. As a result of reduced space, it is difficult to notice spills on the floor such that it makes it necessary for the waitresses to report wet floors the person who is supposed to clean. The manager did not solve the problem of increased workload because he added another waitress but also increased work. The waitresses are most likely to have a strain coping with work demands. With more customers placing their orders at the same time it could result in frustration both for the employees and customers. The sitting arrangement is manageable with additional manpower. The sitting arrangement has no pr oblems because the cafà © serves customers who are in a rush to work and have no need for comfort. Using rough floors demands more effort in cleaning. However, smooth floors increase the risk of falling when wet and may require immediate cleaning in case of spills. The person cleaning will also have additional work load. He needs to concentrate more to notice dirt on the floor. The manager has set background music as a way of reducing the impact of noise in the streets. The employees as well as customers find it effective in reducing the impact of street noise. Noise from the table in the kitchen may be reduced by sound-reducing materials placed on the underside of tables. Separation of dishwashing and drop-off points from other areas (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 2). In the Foodservice industry, sanitation is a process of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces after they have been used. Disinfecting surfaces may be carried out at a convenient time to ensu re that they do not contaminate food because most disinfectants are poisonous. In the U.S., restaurants are expected to maintain high sanitation standards. The National Sanitation Foundation International (NSFI) sets sanitation standards such as prevention of rodent access to stored food, and use of non-corrosive materials on surfaces that come into contact with food (Katsigris Thomas 154). A restaurant also needs to have an effective waste management department that aims to reduce waste. Conclusion and recommendations The manager needs to hire two additional employees to reduce the need to hurry. Workers can avoid workplace strain if they hire enough employees or redesign work allocation. Those in the kitchen can make early preparations so as to shift to serving customers if necessary. It may also reduce injury as a result of bumping into objects. One of the newly hired employees may exclusively work for cleaning purposes and the others may reduce the workload of the waitresses. T here is a need to design patterns of movement to allow balanced use of space between the waitresses to avoid crossovers in the circulation path. The flow of food, people and materials should â€Å"follow a logical sequence† (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 1). The waitresses will move easily if there is a predictable pattern of movement during busy hours. It will result in less waiting time for customers and increased speed for employees. Easing cleaning requires smooth surfaces that prevent sticking of dirt. Utensils and crockery need to have smooth surfaces. Smooth surfaces are easy to wash as they reduce the need for scrubbing. A smooth floor may be easy to clean but it increases chances of slipping. Quarry tiles may be used for the floor and ceramic tiles for the walls to reduce effort needed to clean them. Floors need to be maintained with dryness and cleaning of food spills immediately after they spill. The surfaces on which employees work on should be adjustable to match the varying needs of employees with different heights. The height of surfaces to work on should range between 28-44 inches (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 2). Giving an employee a working surface that matches his/her height increases comfort and productivity. Employees can work for long hours without feeling strained. The counter area should be designed in such a way that an attendant can use less effort to reach the waitress or customer. A radius of about 21 to 25 inches for the right-hand movement and a radius of about 13 to 17 inches for the left hand movement may be necessary (see appendix 1). There are cold and hot seasons among other conditions. Unfavorable temperature and humidity can increase the â€Å"risk of musculoskeletal injuries† (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 2). It is recommended that businesses in the food service industry use HV AC systems in the dishwashing areas to regul ate moisture levels and temperature. Noise may be reduced by separation of noisy kitchen tasks from the other areas. Walls can be carpeted to reduce penetration of noise to the other areas. Conveyers may be used to move dishes from one point to another in the kitchen area. There should be shifts from tasks that require more standing to those that require less. Employees working in areas with less movement may use stools to reduce fatigue (â€Å"Restaurant Ergonomics† 1). Furniture with light weight is recommended for restaurants to allow ease of movement when cleaning (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 3). In ‘Smallings’ case, there is the use of heavy furniture to avoid movement of furniture during service. Moving furniture may be an inconvenience to the customer. The furniture should have curved edges and vertices to reduce the impact of bumping. Employees working at the kitchen should use sharp knives to reduce effort needed to cut foo d. They should use cutting boards to avoid cut injuries. Employees should use both hands when lifting large or heavy objects such as a tray or a jug. Because of the speed required to work in a cafà ©, frequently used items should be reachable to the waitresses or other users. Proper lighting is required for the safety and comfort of employees. The quick service dining space should have a recommended lighting that ranges between 40-50 foot candles. The ware washing area should have a lighting that ranges between 70-100 foot candles (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 3). Proper lighting ensures that eyes do not strain after staying in an area for long hours. Different areas in a restaurant have different lighting recommendations (see appendix 2). There is need of an adequate space for easy movement and less strain due to the swiftness of passing through barriers. A coffee shop with 100 seats may be required to have a dining room size of 1225 square feet and k itchen size of 850 square feet (see appendix 3). Cafes are quick service shops and may try to utilize less space to increase profitability. Appendices Appendix 1: Creating space that allows free movement of hands at the counter (â€Å"Restaurant Ergonomics† 1). Appendix 2: Recommended lighting for different areas and dining spaces (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 3). Appendix 3: The recommended size of dining spaces (â€Å"Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines† 9). Works Cited Benefits of Worksite Wellness Programs 2013. Web. Daft, Richard, Dorothy Marcic. Understanding Management. Mason, OH: South- Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Dining Services Ergonomics Design Guidelines 2012. Web. https://ucanr.edu/sites/ucehs/files/145309.pdf. Healey, Bernard Robert Zimmerman, Jr. The New World of Health Promotion: New Program development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Sudbury: Jones and Barlett Publishers, 2010. Print. Hellriegel, Don, John Slocum. Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. James, Kim, Tanya Arroba. Energizing the Workplace: a Strategic Response to Stress. Hampshire: Gower Publishing. Print. Katsigris, Costas, Chris Thomas. Design and Equipment for Restaurants and Foodservice: a Management view. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2009. Print. MacDonald, Lynda. Wellness at Work: Protecting and Promoting Employee Health and Wellbeing. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2005. Print. Michie, Susan. â€Å"Causes and Management of Stress at Work.† Occupational Environmental Medicine Journal. 59.1 (2002): 67-72. Web. Peterson, Michael, John Wilson. â€Å"The Culture-Work-Health Model and Work Stress.† Am J Health Behav. 26.1 (2002): 16-24. Web. Restaurant Ergonomics 2010. Web. https://ehs.ucr.edu/safety/recipes/Restaurant%20Ergonomics.pdf. This essay on Stress related to workplace conditions was written and submitted by user Demi Byrd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

I am Woman; Hear Me Roar! - essays

I am Woman; Hear Me Roar! - essays Do you take this man to be your husband, to have and to hold from this day forward; for better or worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health. To love and to cherish till death do you part? Many women cannot wait to say, I do. to the man they love and spend the rest of their lives with him. Unfortunately, marriage and the treatment of women was not as romantic as this many centuries ago. A few writers, however, spoke out against this even when it was against normality. Their criticisms found in their stories and plays include men as figures of authority to women, the mistreatment of women, arranged marriages, suppressed sexuality, and life without true love. Traditionally, a woman was supposed to always listen and obey any man who was seen to have authority over her. However, a leading doctrine of the Enlightenment shared by these writers includes All men [and women] are equal in respect to their rationality. Many of them often wrote about women standing up for themselves and showing incredible strength and wisdom. In School for Wives, Molires leading female, Agns, is described as innocent and naive because Arnolphe had her raised to be this way. At the end of the play, though, she portrays a lot of wisdom even though she had no schooling. In her conversation with Arnolphe, she teaches him more about life and love than he ever thought he knew. Other examples of powerful women include Chrtien De Troyes main female character, Laudine, in his story Knight with the Lion. Here, Laudine must grieve her husband while also find a knight for a new husband to protect her kingdom. Her strength and wisdom throughout the story parallels the beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers. Another example is a story written by Giovanni Boccaccio. When a woman is caught cheating on her husband, she is brought to court by him to be sentenced. Surprisingly though, s...

Expert Guide How Many Times Should You Take the SAT

Expert Guide How Many Times Should You Take the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips How many times can you take the SAT? Is there a limit if you're retaking it to achieveyour ideal score? Why would you want to keep sitting through this high stakestest, anyway? There are several compelling reasons to take the SAT more than once, but you also shouldn't go totally overboard. Let's go overwhen you should retake the SAT, and when it might be time to move on. Reasons to Take the SAT More Than Once Students almost always improve when they retake the SAT.When you take the SAT,you gain valuablereal test experience that helps youfigure out how to manage your time and deal with pressure. Youmight encounter certain problems that stump youand learn the concepts youmissed out on for next time. Because theycan take time to study and improve, lots of students choose to take the SAT more than once to improve the scores they'll ultimately add to their college applications. Some students strategically build up their SAT score section by section. If your college superscores your test resultsor takes the highest scores by section across all the timeyou sat for the test, then you could theoretically focus on Math for one test date, Reading for another date, and Writing and Language for the third. While you shouldn't treat any section as a throwaway section, since a major discrepancy in scores could raise red flags both to your colleges and the College Board, this approach is one way to really hone your knowledge in one area and potentially achieve near-perfect section scores one test date at a time. If you scoreworse than you expected to on the SAT, you might have had a fluke test. There could have been a major passage that just didn't make sense to you, or maybe you were tired, sick, or distracted that day. If this is the case, you should schedule for the next test as soon as possible. So if you're likely to improve your SAT scores every time you take the test, should you just keep taking it over and over again until you hit perfection? Can You Take the SAT an Unlimited Number of Times? How many times can you take the SAT? Technically, you can take the SAT as many times as you want! There are no restrictions for registering for and taking the test. There are 7 test dates throughout the year, so the only limit that stands in your wayis time. Many schools allow you to use Score Choice, or to pick and choose which scores from which test dates you want to send as part of your college application. Not all schools support the use of Score Choice, however, and they take it on good faith that you'll send all your scores. Some notable schools with a "send all scores" policy include Yale, Stanford, Cornell, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of California. So if you can use Score Choice to send only some scores and keep the rest private, and you have the time and money to keep retesting, then technically you could take the SAT as many times as you want. But if your schools don't use Score Choice and you are expected to send all your test scores along with your application, how many times retaking the SAT is too many? How Many SAT Tests Is Too Many? If you're applying to schools that require all scores, like the ones mentioned above, I would recommend not taking the SAT more than six times. If you take the SAT this many or more times, you might be sending the signal that you're not taking the test seriously enough to prep each time or that you have a lot of trouble improving your scores. The SAT is meant to test all students on a level playing field and determine their readiness for college, so it wouldn't look all thatstrong to have to take the testmore than six times to perform well. While real test experience is valuable, you also will gaina lot from focused and purposeful test prep. Perhapsyou keep retaking the SAT and your scores are not improving as much as you'd like. Rather than asking, "How many times can I take the SAT?" you should reconsideryour test prep approach. Are you really uncovering and targeting your weak spots and filling in your knowledge gaps? Are you timing yourself when you take practice tests to practice your pacing? Are you familiar with the best strategies for analyzing the Reading passages or writing the essay? By honing your approach to test prep and really putting in the time and effort to study, you should be able to achieve your target scores within a few administrations of the SAT. Besides what excessive retesting indicates about how you're prepping for the SAT, it also might not be the best idea for a few other reasons. Planning your SAT testing schedule is all about balance. Reasons Not to Overtake the SAT First, it's important to take control of your test prep, diagnose your strengths and weaknesses, and figure out what you need to do to improve your scores. Apart from this, you're probably also taking other tests, like finals or the SAT Subject Tests, along with all your schoolwork, community service, and clubs or sports that require your attention. You wouldn't want to drop the ball at this point in your high school career by diverting attention away from these other pursuits, as these are also all key parts of your college application. Plus, unless you're superhuman or highly skilled at meditating, sitting for the SATtends to involve stress and anxiety.Getting real test experience is helpful in teaching you to regulate your nerves, calm yourself down, and focus, but you also don't need to put yourself through this too many times. Taking the SAT more than six times could potentially become a waste of time, money, and energy. Again, while you can definitely have a fluke testing experience and score much lower than you should, you also don't want to treat any tests as throwaway tests. It's important to take every test seriously so you can get a real sense of your skills and scoring capacity. You can use this same mindsetwith practice tests - by simulating testing conditions and timing yourself, you can build on your testing experience and figure out what you need to learn and practice to boost your scores. Like with everything else you're involved in through school and outside of school, taking the SAT is all about balance. If you set and stick to a study plan and testing schedule, then you'll be able to find the happy medium between testing too often andtesting too little. Belowis one common guide that works for a lot of high school students. SAT Study Plan and Testing Schedule Guide This timeline is effective for a lot of students and gives you time to prep and retake the SAT a few times to hit your target scores. Rather than scouring for test dates to figure out how many times can you take the SAT, you can have everything planned out in advance. 1.Study for the SAT the summer before junior year. You can use online prep, answer SAT Questions of the Day, print official practice tests, try sample questions, and study from books. 2. Register for and take your first real SAT test in the fall of junior year. Depending on how you do, you can later register for the test again. 3. If you're retaking the SAT, you can prep during the winter of junior year and take the SAT again in the spring. You might also be taking SAT Subject Tests at the end of the school year. If you still aren't scoring where you want to score, then you can sign up to take the SAT in the fall of your senior year. 4. Put a lot of effort into test prep the summer between junior and senior year. Figure out what you were missing on the first two administrations of the test, learn the concepts, and apply them through practice problems. You want to do everything you can to prepare, as this test in the fall will likely be your last chance. 5. Take the first available test senior year, before you get too busy with schoolwork and your summer studying is fresh in your mind. This would be in October for the SAT. If you feel this test did not go well, you might be able to retake it one more time, depending on your college deadlines. This is also not an ideal time to take the SAT, as you'll be busy finishing up and sending off the rest of your application. If you're not sure if your scores will be sent to your colleges in time, definitely call or email the admissions office and ask if they'll accept these scores.They might wait for your scoreseven if they arrive after the stated deadline, but you can't bank on this unless they've told you this explicitly. Ambitious students who feel they can achieve a high score even earlier in their high school career might choose to push this schedule forward a year.You could start prepping as a 9th or 10th grader, take the SAT throughout sophomore year, and be all set with yourscores before youeven start the rest of the application process. If you're a strong, academically achieving student, you might already have the math, reading, and writing skills you need to score highly on the SAT before you even reach junior year. Just like with your test prep, it's important to reflect on what works best for you. As everyone has different preferences, strengths, and weaknesses, there's no one size fits all approach to studying for and taking the SAT. This testing schedule works for a lot of students, but ultimately it's up to you to decide on and stick to the schedule that will allow you to perform your best. To Sum Up: How Many Times Should You Take the SAT? Around four times of sitting for the SAT (sometimes more, sometimes less) should likely be enough for you to reach your target scores, along with many more practice tests and effective test prep on your own. Don't underestimate the power of prep in helping you master the SAT. In the end though, you shouldn't be afraid to take real tests, as they are valuable training experiences and you can almost always improve your scores or make up for an off day. Give yourself enough test dates so you don't run out of opportunities to take the test, and find the balance between retesting, studying, and accomplishing your goals in time for your college deadlines. What's Next? What's a good SAT score for 10th grade? 9th grade? What about overall for your college applications? These articles explore this topic of when to take the SAT even further, revealing what your early test scores indicate about your future performance. Are you aiming for a perfect 1600? This full scorer shares his strategies for scoring an 800on both Math and Reading and Writing. While most schools place a great deal of importance on the SAT or ACT, there are actually some schools now that have test optional or test flexible policies. Before you design your plan, make sure you understand the requirements of your colleges. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. 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Differences and connections between groupware and ordinary databases, Essay

Differences and connections between groupware and ordinary databases, and why they matter - Essay Example Various researchers have categorized groupware applications into 3 categories including conferencing tools, communication tools and collaborative management and working tools. In this scenario, communication tools comprise FAX, email and voice mail. The second category conferencing tools comprise voice, data and video conferencing, chat rooms and message boards. Finally, collaborative management systems and tools comprise project management systems, electronic calendars and workflow systems. Moreover, various researchers categorize groupware applications into 2 categories with respect to time and place. In this scenario, an application that is used by all the staff members of an organization simultaneously is acknowledged as synchronous groupware application. Additionally, staff members can make use of similar application at different times using asynchronous groupware systems. The place connected types are collected, groupware that is utilized by people in same place as well as distance.Additionally, at the present, businesses, no matter what their working and operational structure is, as well experience the power of the augmented data and informational flow. In addition, businesses are continually receiving and transferring tons of data and information files through posts, telephones, online messengers, emails, and faxes. Normally, organizations use these tools to communicate with their clients as and suppliers, experts or for negotiations. In this scenario, the longer their collaboration with a supplier or client is, the more data and information they would be able to interchange. As well, as the business grows the figures of clients and suppliers also grow. Consequently, the amount of information rises at an exceptional rate. Thus, if these valuable data and information are not arranged it will cause many problems. Besides, they are certain that all of their staff workers work hard? In other words, organizations require high level quality and time-frames of their work. In situations of data and informational chaos, this is quite a complex job. In addition, generation of a variety of reports as well turns out to be a time-consuming task (MetaQuotes Software Corp., 2011) and (Computer Networks IT, 2011). Furthermore, the ineffective collaboration between a business system and government reduces the working competence of our staff members and nonmanufacturing overheads augment. Additionally, an organization turns out to be less well-organized, as their staff spends a greater amount of their time on technical tasks. Consequently, every client costs more and every working hour of organization’s workers formulates fewer investments into their company's efficiency. In this scenario, organizations make use of groupware applications for a multiplicity of causes. However, one main reason is to avoid the customary issues of having workers in dissimilar places who require performing tasks on similar function. In addition, by logging in to a communication network or intranet server, workers in diverse places are able to access the same application as well as get advantage from a variety of

Quanitative Research Method Paper Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quanitative Method Paper - Research Proposal Example g on a number of endogenous and exogenous variables such as employers’ preferences, employees’ willingness to accept such relationships and even time related economic pressures such as the current global economic recession. The strategic competition has compelled organizations to adopt far reaching policy changes on employee relations with refers to both its operational strategy and the mission related corporate governance principles in order to achieve horizontal and vertical synergies which is associated with its organizational goals and objectives. Therefore the limitations that have cropped up against government and institutional efforts to curtail informal individualization of the employment relationship are many. The literature review of this dissertation is based on the theoretical constructs, conceptual paradigms and empirical evidence. The legal relationship between the employer and the employee defines the very essence of the employment relationship (Healy, 1999). However it has been pointed out by critics that the existing labor legislation and social security provisions do not adequately cover up the requirements of employees. In fact the employment relationship has become more or less an individual arrangement devoid of universal contractual obligations as found in International Labor Organization’s (ILO) documents. This phenomenon has acquired a new dimension under different disguises and ruses adopted by employers and imposed on unsuspecting employees. The former tends to arrange an individualistic relationship with the latter on the basis of immediate benefits of employment while the latter agrees more or less due to personal compulsions. Despite the general vagueness of many labor laws and social security provisions in the US employers have got in to recruitment drives with the intention of sign in employment contracts on this particular premise, i.e. they come to a mutual agreement on their individual understanding of the law. For

Peter Paul and Mary - Blowin in the Wind Essay Example for Free

Peter Paul and Mary Blowin in the Wind Essay Peter, Paul, and Marys â€Å"Blowin in the Wind† is actually quite appealing to a mainstream audience, due to the simple arrangement and catchy hook. The accompaniment is easy to follow and understand, which makes it accessible to listeners that do not necessarily have a music education. Also, the tight vocal harmonies between two men and one woman are very interesting, because that sort of setting is not typical for popular music fare. Also, for being a folk song, the twang or accent is very subdued, which would possibly turn off some listeners who might be averse to folk tunes. Theres a good deal of vocal inflection in Marys voice, which pulls on the listener emotionally. For someone who does not particularly prefer folk music, the song is actually quite pleasant, and the strong lyrical content is definitely worth a second glance. Conversely, Bob Dylans version is more spoken, and contains a more rubato vocal performance. Also, the inclusion of the harmonica heightens the folk quality to the song. Moreover, Bob Dylans diction is much more â€Å"country,† with hard â€Å"Rs,† â€Å"jist† in the place of just, and â€Å"yesn† in the place of yes. Those minor shifts create a rustic feeling, where Peter, Paul, and Marys diction was more refined, for the folk style. These two different takes on one song make a lasting difference, in terms of the presentation of the material. Peter, Paul, and Marys version of the single sold a phenomenal three hundred thousand copies in the first week of release. So, perhaps it is safe to say that folk songs can be popular, they just have to be presented in such a way that appeals to a wide audience, while still staying true to the roots. It is not an easy task to fulfill, but Peter, Paul and Mary have proved that it can be accomplished.

Hacking satellite cards :: essays research papers

Writing a "Private 3M Script" First it is important to define the term "3M." The term "3M" simply refers to a script's ability to unlock all of the channels, based on the saying "All for one, and One for all!" from the "3 Musketeers," (which came from the old days of hacking cable boxes where all channels were viewable through one channel). Anyway, "3M" now is just a generic term for a card that has all channels open and no stealth or write protection. In stealth scripts, the "3M" code refers to the actual part of the code that enables the video.All scripts that open all of the channels are 3M's, however most people are referring to scripts that auto-update on their own, when they refer to a 3M. The card auto-updates because it has no commands blocked, and it appears to be a normal subbed card, as much as possible. The EASIEST type of 3M to write is to modify a valid bin file, by editing it in BasicH. Before you can write a script to modify the card, you need to be able to edit a bin file manually to make those changes. If you read through this page carefully you will find everything you need to know to modify a valid bin file with unique jump points and a 3M code. After you are done editing your valid bin file you will have a private 3M that auto-updates, with private jump points. To remove simply do a 1-STEP clean in BasicH or BasicU. If you follow the directions you should have a fairly safe 3M to use. If you have a private 3M (that does not have code in any regions that have been changed ago updates) your card would still be running today no matter HOW long they've been you installed it. They can only send a "killer" ECM that will loop your cards if they have 8 known bytes in a row that they can hash. In order to ZAP your card with an ECM your card needs to be detected as being "hacked." In order to do this they need to know you card's "signature," and your signature is based on the "extra&quo t; data that is on your card: the jump points and 3M code. If they don't know your jump points or how exactly you broke up your 3M code then it is not possible for them to target you since they won't know the "signature" of your card. Hacking satellite cards :: essays research papers Writing a "Private 3M Script" First it is important to define the term "3M." The term "3M" simply refers to a script's ability to unlock all of the channels, based on the saying "All for one, and One for all!" from the "3 Musketeers," (which came from the old days of hacking cable boxes where all channels were viewable through one channel). Anyway, "3M" now is just a generic term for a card that has all channels open and no stealth or write protection. In stealth scripts, the "3M" code refers to the actual part of the code that enables the video.All scripts that open all of the channels are 3M's, however most people are referring to scripts that auto-update on their own, when they refer to a 3M. The card auto-updates because it has no commands blocked, and it appears to be a normal subbed card, as much as possible. The EASIEST type of 3M to write is to modify a valid bin file, by editing it in BasicH. Before you can write a script to modify the card, you need to be able to edit a bin file manually to make those changes. If you read through this page carefully you will find everything you need to know to modify a valid bin file with unique jump points and a 3M code. After you are done editing your valid bin file you will have a private 3M that auto-updates, with private jump points. To remove simply do a 1-STEP clean in BasicH or BasicU. If you follow the directions you should have a fairly safe 3M to use. If you have a private 3M (that does not have code in any regions that have been changed ago updates) your card would still be running today no matter HOW long they've been you installed it. They can only send a "killer" ECM that will loop your cards if they have 8 known bytes in a row that they can hash. In order to ZAP your card with an ECM your card needs to be detected as being "hacked." In order to do this they need to know you card's "signature," and your signature is based on the "extra&quo t; data that is on your card: the jump points and 3M code. If they don't know your jump points or how exactly you broke up your 3M code then it is not possible for them to target you since they won't know the "signature" of your card.

Pain Measured Visual Analogue Scale Health And Social Care Essay

The reappraisal of related literature is a indispensable facets of scientific research. Its entails the systematic designation, contemplation, critical analysis and coverage of bing information in relation to the job of involvement. The intent of reappraisal of literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information about the effectivity of ambulation on improve maternal comfort decrease of hurting perceptual experience, result of labor during first phase of labor. The intent of reappraisal literature is to obtain comprehensive cognition and in depth information about the effectivity of ambulation on maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience & A ; result of labor. The literature gathered from sole reappraisal is depicted under the undermentioned header. Section A: Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during first phase of labor. Section B: Literature related to assorted maternal places for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of labor. Section C: Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experience. Section D: Literature related to non pharmacological hurting alleviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Section A: Literature related to trouble perceptual experience during first phase of labor.Campbell & A ; Kurtz ( 2004 ) conducted a descriptive survey characterized the labor hurting at two phases of cervical distension with selected group 78 labouring female parents and compared the hurting experienced at 2 phases of dilation ( 2-5 centimeter and of 6-10 centimeter ) with adult females in Greenville. Stage ‘s of hurting measured by Visual Analogue Scale, Present Pain Intensity, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and 1 experimental step, the nurse-rated Behavioural Index of Pain. The survey consequences revealed that there was important addition in hurting with increased dilation occurred for all female parents both prim and multigravidas. He concluded that labor hurting was equalin primi gravida th an the multigravidas. Lopez & A ; Pires ( 2000 ) conducted the randomized control trail survey was designed to measure the relationship between the parturients place and her abdominal and lumbar ( uninterrupted and contraction ) hurting during the first phase of labor. A homogenous group of 100 parturients was selected in obstetric section of a general infirmary, Argentina. Samples were indiscriminately assigned to alternately presume the horizontal or the perpendicular place for 15-min periods. Positions were safely selected by the parturients. Therefore, the female parent adopted ( a ) a self-elected place, ( B ) recumbent ( or erect ) , ( degree Celsius ) a self-elected place, ( vitamin D ) erect ( or recumbent ) , and so on. Pain strength was measured by the Argentine Pain Questionnaire ‘s Present Pain Intensity and the Huskisson ‘s ocular parallel graduated table. The findings revealed that a bulk of parturients felt less abdominal and lumbar hurting, either uninterrupted or due to contra ctions, during recumbency. The consequence was more singular when dilation exceeded five centimeters and less intense during the first half of the first phase of labor. He concluded that place may helpful to cut down the hurting degree during first phase of labor. Mikolajczyk, Sundaram & A ; Beaver Fraser ( 2010 ) conducted a study survey in aimed to analyze labor forms in a big population and to research an alternate attack for naming unnatural labour patterned advance. The survey were selected sum of 26,838 parturient, who had a singleton term gestation, self-generated oncoming of labor, vertex presentation, and a normal antenatal result in Maryland. An interval-censored arrested development method was used.The consequences revealed that Nulliparous adult females had longest and most gradual labor curve and get down the active stage after 5 centimeter of cervical dilation and may non needfully hold a clear active stage and multiparous adult females of different paras had really similar curves. Researcher concluded that active stage of labor may non get down until 5 centimeters of cervical dilation in multiparous and even later in nulliparous and after 6 centimeter distension merely the advancement in all gestation during labor. Niven & A ; Gijsbers ( 2004 ) conducted the exploratory survey aimed to analyze the nature, beginning, and effectivity of hurting get bying schemes used during childbearing with 51 British adult females was assessed around the clip of birth. Pain was measured by ocular parallel graduated tables and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Analysis of informations obtained in an drawn-out semi-structured interview. Subjects were found to utilize a scope of schemes during labor, many of which they had antecedently used to get by with hurting. In findings that the entire figure of schemes used in labor was negatively correlated with degrees of labor hurting.Section B: Literature related to assorted maternal places for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor during first phase of laborAndrews CM & A ; chrzanowski ( 1985 ) Conduct a randomised clinical test to measure the maternal comfort by supplying assorted unsloped places in 40 laboring adult females ‘s randoml y assigned to either unsloped recumbent place. During the stage of maximal incline of labor. When the cervical distension from 4cm to 9cm, Every hr during the stage of maximal incline. The research worker examined each sample vaginally to find her cervical distension and assessed her degree of comfort by utilizing maternal comfort appraisal tool the adult females in unsloped place group had significantly shorter stage of maximal incline of in labor and easing uterine contractions & A ; increasing comfort to the female parent. Bauer et Al ( 1987 ) Conducted a comparative survey to measure the effects of standing place and supine place on self-generated uterine contractions and other facets of labor in 20 normal term female parents they were given by standing and supine place frailty versa with the clip continuance of 30 proceedingss the research worker examined each sample every 30 proceedingss for cervical distension and hurting perceptual experience. The research worker found that the strength of contractions was significantly higher in 15 out of 20 female parents in standing place frequence of contraction diminished and Reduced continuance of labor.the research worker concluded that there is no inauspicious effects and complications in standing place during labor. Carlson ( 1999 ) in an article a survey by supplying different maternal places to measure the comfort position foetal out semen & A ; duet ion of labor. In 80 gravida I unsophisticated female parents. The places chosen by female parents. The research worker found that the different places improved maternal comfort & A ; fetal out semen. & A ; cut down length of labor. Chen shin-zon ( 2003 ) in an article stated that a survey to measure the effectivity of sitting place on labour hurting during first phase of labour.the research worker found that in sitting place the increased resting force per unit area in the sitting place is of some importance in the supplementing the down ward bringing force and increasing bearing down force per unit area in the sitting place could assist to significantly shorten the continuance. Gupta et Al ( 2000 ) In an article stated survey To measure the safe birth good maternal & A ; fetal out come by supplying unsloped places at Birmingham adult females ‘s infirmary Edgbaston, UK the places adopted natively by adult females during birth has been described as early 1882 by Engel am. The research worker found that by supplying assorted unsloped places [ like keeping Rope, delivering chair, hardhearted, crouching ] the female parent will hold safe birth decreased perinatal jobs. Liu ( 2003 ) conducted a descriptive survey to measure the cut down continuance of labor by supplying up right places in 68 primi gravida female parents between the age of 18 to 25 old ages were assigned to three groups. One group used a 30 grade unsloped place with no bearing down instructions and 2nd group used a 30 unsloped place with bearing down instructions the research worker found that the unsloped place enhanced the descent caput with shorter continuance of labor in both first and 2nd phase of labor. May berry et Al ( 2003 ) in an article stated descriptive survey to measure the facilitating advancement of labor by supplying assorted unsloped places. At New York university. The survey sample is 74 laboring healthy adult females. Supplying unsloped places for all adult females. The research worker founded that easing advancement of labour decrease of vaginal hemorrhage better neonatal out semen. Miquelutti et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a explanatory survey to measure the effectivity of unsloped place during first phase of labor during first phase of labor to better obstetrical and perinatal result. The research worker allotted 50 four adult females for experimental group. They were given unsloped place and other 50 three adult females in control group they were given supine place.the difference between two groups were evaluated by utilizing I†¡2 will coxon and fishers exact trials significance was p & lt ; 0.05 hazard ratio is 95 % . The research worker concluded that the unsloped place during first phase of labor will cut down continuance of labor. Roberts et Al ( 2005 ) stated that systematic reappraisal to cut down instrumental bringing by supplying up right places during labour.in Centre for perinatal wellness in Sydney.the survey participles were 281 gravida I female parents in that 166 experimental group provident up right places & A ; its control group in accumbent place each trail is analysed by utilizing meta analytic techniques. The research worker concluded that the up right place during labour important decrease of instrumental bringing & A ; continuance of labour perinatal injury & A ; bleeding. Roberts & A ; Malasonos ( 2003 ) conducted a randomised clinical test by supplying sitting in a chair and a side lying to measure the maternal comfort & A ; uterine efficiency among 19 gravida I female parents alternated between these two places at 30 minute interval for as long possible during labour locating place during early labor [ cervical distension less than 6cm † ] and prevarication on their side in late labor [ cervical distension greater than 6cm † ] . The research worker found the uterine efficaciousness less in the locating place than in side lying place and besides locating place will better maternal comfort. Sandi ( 2001 ) conducted dual blind survey to measure the continuance of labor by supplying unsloped place in selected parturient at the Negress oriental provincial infirmary the research worker provided 45 degree unsloped place the aestivator found that Reduce maximal length of labor in both first & A ; 2nd phase of labor and good new born out comes. Streamer et Al ( 2005 ) conducted that Randomized control test of evaluate the rotary motion of fetal caput by supplying Hands & A ; Knee places for occipito posterior place to occipita anterior during labor. In 13 labour units in university attillated infirmary survey participates were 147 laboring adult females with a occipito posterior place in that 70 were custodies keep place at least 30 min over per 1hour the experimental group and 77 were control group. ( No custodies knee positioning ) The research worker used extremist echography to happen out fetal caput rotary motion. Head rotary motion following one hr. The research worker conclude that the experimental group had important decrease in relentless back hurting, changing of fetal caput to occipito posterior to occipito anterior place and other results like decreased operative bringing and decreased perennial injury and besides good foetal out semen. And the control group have the comparative hazard of operative bringing. vino kiln spectators ( 2003 ) stated that instance control survey to measure the maternal and neonatal out come by supplying assorted places. At section of OBs & A ; gynecology of the university infirmary viema between 1997 -2002 entire survey participants were 714 drudging adult females. 307 adult females were control group supplying supine place & A ; 307 were experimental group supplying unsloped places ( crouching & A ; other alternate birth places. The analysis was restricted to 37 hebdomads normal sized fetus & A ; cephalic persecution with out any medical ( or ) obstetrical hazard the research worker found that unsloped place associated with good effects such as a lower rate of episiotomy, and decreased usage of medical analgesia & A ; Pitocin.Section C: Literature related to ambulation to better maternal comfort, result of labor and cut down hurting perceptual experience:Hemmiki et Al ( 1985 ) conducted a pilot survey to measure the maternal comfort & A ; length of labor by s upplying ambulation vs. oxytocin disposal. The research worker selected 50 seven female parents indiscriminately assigned control group & A ; experimental group.the research worker used as randomized control test for this survey. the research worker provided ambulation for experimental group & A ; oxytocin for control group. In experimental group 60 % of the adult females in the ambulation delivered their babes with out Pitocin. The average length of first and 2nd phase of labor was reduced and besides they had positive results on the other manus the control group.they are experienced stronger contractions before forcing and besides enduring from strong contractions. The research worker finds that ambulation will better maternal comfort, out semen of labor & A ; diminishing length of labor. Lawrence et Al ( 2009 ) conducted a randomised clinical test to measure maternal comfort & A ; lessening length of labor by supplying walking and unsloped places at Townsville infirmary Queensland Australia with the sample of 3706 pregnant gravida I female parents they were utilizing random and quasi random trying for comfort and experimental group in experimental group who are different unsloped place and walking the research worker concluded that the first phase of labor about one hr shorter than in a recumbent places and other results labour it will increase good being of female parents & A ; fetus Lupe et Al ( 1986 ) in an article stated that assess the consequence of ambulation during first phase of labor to cut down length of labor.and besides it will rush the advancement of labour.ambulation will better maternal satisfaction, and besides it will better maternal and fetal out semen. The research worker reported the ambulation reported the ambulation during labor will better greater maternal comfort and ability to digest labors and ability to digest labor hurting, lessening usage of anesthesia and analgesia. Read ja mitter et Al ( 1981 ) conducted a comparative survey to measure the effectivity of ambulation versus oxytocin disposal on better labour advancement. The research worker selected 14 female parents ( who failed augmentation in active stage of labor ) assigned eight female parents in experimental group, they were given ambulation and six female parents in control group, they were given oxytocin extract.the research worker used telemetry to supervise maternal and fetal status in foetus bosom rate and activity in female parent station of the caput, cervical distension, uterine activity contraction, frequence and efficaciousness. The consequences included labour advancement significantly better in ambulatory group the research worker concluded that ambulation is effectual than oxytocin. Souja et Al ( 2006 ) in an article a survey to measure to cut down the length of the first phase of labor by supplying ambulation and unsloped places at Brazil the research worker used Randomised control tests carried to measure the consequence of ambulation the research worker found that the ambulation in the first phase of labor will better maternal comfort & A ; cut down the length of labor. Stewart & A ; caldera ( 1984 ) conducted a survey meta analysis to measure the effectivity of maternal position on the advancement of labor. The research worker selected 275 labour adult females are indiscriminately assigned as control group and experimental group, control group were non given any specific place and experimental group were given ambulation. Radio telemetry was used to place fetal bosom rate the consequences included in ambulatory group shorter stage of labor and had maternal satisfaction, relived from hurting. The research worker concluded that there were significantly shorter labour stage of labour stage in ambulation group. William et Al ( 1980 ) conducted a clinical test to measure the effectivity of ambulation during first phase of labor on improve maternal and fetal result. The research worker selected 48 parturient female parents as experimental group they were given ambulation and another 55mothers are control group they were non given any ambulation. The consequences include the experimental group ( who are given ambulation ) shows improve maternal comfort, cut down hurting and better maternal and fetal result. The research worker concluded that the ambulation in first phase of labor will better maternal and fetal out semen. Wilson mi et al ( 2009 ) conducted a comparitive survey to measure the maternal comfort & A ; cut down instrumental bringing at Royal Hallam shire infirmary U.K on 1052 gravida I female parents. The research worker divided in to two groups. Ambulation for experimental group extradural anesthesia for control group the research worker found that there is difference in experimental group than control group ambulation will better maternal comfort & A ; Reduce length of labor.Section D: Literature related to non pharmacological hurting alleviation methods during first phase of labor for maternal comfort, hurting perceptual experience and result of labor.Labreque & A ; Novmen ( 2000 ) conducted a randomized survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacologic attacks to relief the low back hurting. The probe selected a sample of 30 four adult females by utilizing three non pharmacological attacks line intradermal saline H2O injections, trans cutaneal electrical nervus stimulations, stand ard attention including back massage, whirl pool bath and broad mobilization. The research worker indiscriminately assigned 1 of 3 interventions. The research worker used ocular parallel graduated table.The adult females ‘s were self evaluated both strength and effectual. The research worker used to measure satisfaction by utilizing labour a aristocracy graduated table and bringing satisfaction index. The consequences included. The adult females received intradermal unfertile H2O injections group. Unpleasantness of hurting lower than standard attention group. While the teens group ( P= 0.01 and P= .003 ) similar consequences were observed for strength P= .01 and unpleasantness P=.03 hurting assessed merely earlier bringing.The research worker found that there is no important difference between all 3 group but first group has received back hurting during labor. Lee & A ; Chang Jiang bent ( 2000 ) conducted a quantitative survey to measure the effectivity sp6 G-Jo on labor hurting and bringing clip in labour the research worker selected randomized clinical test at university attached infirmary with the sample size of 75 labour adult females indiscriminately assigned n=36 were experimental group n=39 were control group harmonizing to para, cervical distension, rupture of membranes and labour phase. the research worker include 30 proceedingss acupressure on sp6 acupoint was performed labour hurting was measured four times utilizing structured questionnaire and ocular parallel graduated table. instantly after intercession and 30-60minutes after intercession there were significantly difference between the group in subjective labor hurting tonss at all clip points instantly after intercessions ( p=0.012 ) 30 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.021 ) and 60 proceedingss after intercession ( p=0.012 ) the entire labor was significantly shorter in experimental group. The research worker concluded that sp6 G-Jo was effectual in diminishing labor hurting Simkin & A ; Ohra ( 2004 ) Conducted a qualitative survey to measure the effectivity of non pharmacological methods on labor hurting alleviation maternal satisfaction other obstetric labor. By giving non pharmacologic hurting alleviation methods. At North America in selected infirmaries. The probe used five non pharmacological methods. Those are continuos labour support, touch, bath massage, maternal motion and posters. And intra cuticular H2O blocks for back hurting alleviation. The probe found that all methods are effectual to cut down labor hurting.Increase, maternal comfort and out semen of labor. Toumarie & A ; Theauyomeau ( 1982 ) In an article on G-Jo on labor hurting alleviation.the research worker used randomized control test for survey to use G-Jo over lumbosacral country during first phase of labour the research worker found that the G-Jo will relief from labour hurting during first phase of labour death usage of anodynes. Water & A ; Raiser ( 2002 ) Conducted a survey to measure the effectivity of ice massage on labor hurting the research worker selected Hispanic and white pre labour adult females as a survey sample. The research worker used ice massage of the G-Jo energy meridian point big bowel and ( L 14 ) to cut down labour hurting during contractions ( L 14 ) is located at median mid point of tegument between pollex and forward finger. The research worker chosen pre & A ; post prove design and which used 100 mm ocular parallel graduated table and MC Gill pain questionnaire ranked numerically, verbally to mensurate hurting degrees. Participants noted a hurting decrease mean on the VAS of 28.22 on the left manus & A ; 11.93 millimeter on the right manus. The research worker concluded that ice massage is a safe, effectual, not invasive method of cut downing labour hurting.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

IntroductionThroughout history, our conceptualization of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has been changing alongside changes in the way we have viewed the world. With the dawning of the Renaissance in Western Europe, religious explanations based on demonic possession were superseded by a more humanistic understanding. By the early seventeenth century, the obsessions that drove Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth to suicide were recognized to be a product of her guilty mind, for which there was no medical cure.Obsessions and compulsions were first described in the medical literature of the early nineteenth century. They were viewed as an unusual expression of melancholia. By the beginning of the twentieth century, with the development of psychoanalysis, the focus shifted onto psychological explanations based on unconscious conflicts, but this did not provide a useful strategy for treatment. The subsequent application of learning theory to OCD led to the development of effective behavioural treatments in the 1960s and 1970s.Compared with the pace of these historical developments, modern understanding of OCD has expanded with dramatic speed. The development of effective medical treatments of OCD has revolutionized the outlook for sufferers and propelled OCD to the forefront of scientific attention. With the growth of research into the epidemiology, psychopharmacology, neurobiology, neuropsychology and genetics of OCD, reviewed throughout this publication, the emphasis has once again swung back toward a medical model. As we enter the twenty-first century, we now recognize OCD as a common, treatable form of major mental disorder.After the pioneering epidemiological catchment area (ECA) studies carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health in the early 1980s reported that the prevalence of OCD was substantially higher than expected, (Robins, Holzer, & Weissman, 1984) repeated population studies using similar methods have demonstrated a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% worldwide (Weissman, Bland & Canino, 1994).   Taiwan and India were the only exceptions, with rates below 1%. If these estimates are accurate, then OCD affects more than 50 million people in the world today. The prevalence does not appear to be influenced by socioeconomic status, educational achievement, or ethnicity. The disorder is more common than schizophrenia, and about half as common as depression. Yet the illness remains largely under-recognized, and the psychosocial and economic costs to society from untreated OCD are high (Hollander, & Wong, 1998).   It is not surprising that the World Health Organization has now recognized OCD as a public health priority.While there is little doubt that the ‘hidden epidemic' of OCD exists, the actual prevalence of clinically relevant disorder has been called into question. In the ECA studies lay interviewers were trained to make DSM-III diagnoses using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). However, clinical reappraisal of DIS -positive cases resulted in less than 25% continuing to meet the criteria for OCD (Nelson & Rice, 1997).One explanation is that the rates of illness reported in the original ECA studies may have been exaggerated. Alternatively, the findings may reflect variability in the severity of the disorder over time.Obsessive compulsive disorder is more common in women, although the differences are not as obvious as in depression or other anxiety disorders. An average female to male ratio of 1.5:1.0 is accepted for the community at large, although the ratio appears roughly equal in the adolescent population, reflecting perhaps the earlier onset in boys. In particularly in males, having obsessions and compulsions or magical thinking, poor social adjustment, and an early chronic course, predicted a worse outcome.A more recent 5-year prospective follow-up study of 100 OCD patients showed that in spite of the introduction of modern treatments, outcomes were similar to Skoog and Skoog's cohort, wit h only 20% reaching full remission of their OCD, 50% showing partial remission, and the remainder unchanged or worse over 5 years. Less severe illness and being married were associated with a better outcome (Steketee Eisen & Dyck, 1999).Most patients suffer a mixture of different obsessions or compulsions. Surveys have consistently identified contamination fears as the most common obsession, with concern about harm to others, pathological doubt, somatic obsessions and the need for symmetry also occurring frequently. Half of all OCD patients admitted for treatment suffer compulsions in the realm of repetitive checking or excessive cleaning and washing. 20 Key themes have been identified that underlie most symptoms. These include abnormal risk assessment, pathological doubt and incompleteness.Patients with OCD usually retain full insight into the absurdity of their symptoms, although this is not always the case (Insel & Akiskal, 1986). The DSM-IV singles out patients with poor insight as a meaningful subgroup. These individuals have more complex symptomatology, which makes diagnosis more difficult, and tend to be more severely ill. They have only a limited sense of the excessiveness and irrationality of their thoughts and behaviours and are therefore difficult to engage in treatment. They may appear to be deluded (and hence receive inappropriate treatment) but longitudinal studies show they do not go on to develop schizophrenia-like illnesses. In a cohort of 475 patients with OCD, (6%) displayed lack of insight.Mild forms of obsessional behaviour, such as repetitive checking or superstitious behaviour commonly occur in everyday life. They only meet the criteria for OCD if they are time-consuming, or associated with impairment or distress.Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, impulses and images also occur in other mental disorders thought to share a relationship with OCD: for example, the preoccupation with bodily appearance, in body dysmorphic disorder; with a feared object, in specific phobia; with illness, in hypochondriasis; or with hair-pulling, in trichotillomania. A diagnosis of OCD should only be contrast; men predominate in surveys of OCD referrals, possibly reflecting a greater severity in males.Women during pregnancy and the puerperium are particularly at risk of developing the disorder. In a study by Neziroglu et al of 59 mothers with OCD, experienced their symptoms for the first time during pregnancy. In many cases, pre-existing obsessional tendencies are unmasked and exaggerated by the events surrounding childbirth.Obsessive compulsive disorder is considered to be one of the most strongly inherited mental disorders (Pauls, Alsobrook, & Goodman, 1995). Approximately one-fifth of nuclear family members of OCD sufferers show signs of OCD, and the younger the sufferer the more likely they are to have a first-degree relative affected. The clustering of OCD and Tourette's syndrome (TS) within families suggests a common inherited factor.Th e course of the illness can vary from a relatively benign form in which the patient experiences infrequent, discrete episodes of illness interspersed with symptom-free periods, to malignant OCD, characterized by unremitting symptoms and substantial social impairment.In a 40-year prospective follow-up study, reported by Skoog and Skoog, the authors managed to locate and examine 144 out of 251 OCD patients who had previously been admitted as inpatients under their care between 1947 and 1953. 1Given that effective treatments for OCD were not developed until the end of the study, much of the data is naturalistic. The authors found that roughly 60% showed signs of general improvement within 10 years of onset of illness, rising to 80% by the end of the study.However, only 20% achieved full remission even after nearly 50 years of illness; 60% continued to experience significant symptoms; 10% showed no improvement whatsoever; and another 10% had worsened. In 60% of cases the content of the obsessions shifted markedly over the follow-up period (Pauls, Alsobrook, & Goodman, 1995).One-fifth of those who had shown an early, sustained improvement subsequently relapsed, even after 20 years without symptoms, suggesting early recovery does not rule out the possibility of very late relapse. Intermittent, episodic disease was common during the early stage of illness, and predicted a more favourable outcome, whereas chronic illness predominated in the later years.Early age of onset, made if there are also unrelated obsessive-compulsive symptoms, in which case more than one diagnosis may be warranted. Activities such as preoccupation with eating, sex, shopping and gambling are not considered genuine compulsions because they are not egodystonic, and the individual usually only tries to resist because of the adverse consequences.Reference:Hollander E, Wong C, 1998). Psychosocial functions and economic costs of obsessive compulsive disorder, CNS Spectrums (3 (5) suppl. 1:48-58.Insel T, Akiskal H, 1986. Obsessive compulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenological analysis, Am J Psychiatry 143:1527-33.Nelson E, Rice J, 1997. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Am J Psychiatry 154:826-31.Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP, Goodman W et al, 1995). A family study of obsessive compulsive disorder, Am J Psychiatry 152 : 76-84.Robins LN, Holzer JE, Weissman MM et al, 1984 Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites, Arch Gen Psychiatry (1984) 41 :949-58.Steketee G, Eisen J, Dyck I et al, (1999) Predictors of course in obsessive compulsive disorder, Psychiatr Res   89 (3):229-38.  Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GL et al, 1994. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, J Clin Psychiatry 55 :5-10.

Which Promotions Work and Which Dont

Which Promotions Work and Which Dont Im of the mind, these days, that ninety percent of promotional efforts are wasted. The world is choked with books, writers, people fighting to make a living with their words. Anyone can write a book, and anyone can post one for sale. After years of promoting novels, even from a platform such as FundsforWriters, Ive learned a hard lesson: Most promotional efforts do not work. We read blogs and ask for advice, trying to figure out which marketing tools work best. Well, guess KONICA MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERA what? Any tool being touted as the best, any trick being shouted as effective, or any method being taught as the way to sell the most books . . . does not work. Why? Because everybody wants to do what works, and if everybody is doing it, then it becomes white noise and it quits working. Those people telling you the best way to sell are making more money telling you how to sell than selling their own books, unless they are selling how-to-sell books. Who wants to be a party to feeding that monster? Twitter is clogged with people shouting to buy their book. Sit back and watch your Twitter feed. Its been proven that saying buy my book never works, yet thousands continue to spew it. Facebook has groups that do nothing but post books for sale, and a zillion people keep posting their books on those groups like they are going to sell those books to all those other authors trying to sell their books. Goodreads is noisy with readers and authors trying to figure out what to do with Goodreads. Nobody has been able to say theyve made tons of sales via Goodreads. Do the Google search if you dont believe me. The bottom line is there is no one way to promote yourself, but you better be sure of the following no matter how you go about marketing: 1) Whatever you do has to be original, or originally implemented. 2) You better write a lot of books, because for someone to like you, they have to know they can binge on you if they find you interesting (a la Netflix Syndrome). Having one book only pisses them off. 3) You best be genuine in whatever you do. Its just so sad to see writers travel from event to event, sitting at lines of tables, in a room of several dozen authors, thinking they will stand out. They might as well be hiding. Quit asking others what they did, because its already been done. Quit following the crowds. Write your books. Promote in a manner that makes you feel good about yourself. And finally, be yourself. Readers are hungry for fresh and real. Thats hard to find because everyone is struggling so hard to be like everyone else. Get real.

Assignment Essay Essay Example for Free

Assignment Essay Essay Sustainable tourism is being able to the deliver positive environmental, social, and economical results with thought to the needs of the visitors, host community and surroundings. Sustainability as defined in the Brundtland commission report it states as â€Å"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations to meet their needs†. For example, the small business are starting to practices sustainability principles by changing to renewable energy sources, reducing use of paper and recycling more. As a result, the concept of sustainability addresses the aspects of â€Å"triple bottom line† meaning the balance of societies, economy and the environment are described by (Bonevac, 2010). According to the World Tourism Organization, â€Å"sustainable tourism means meeting the needs of the present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future†. Instead of just being a product, sustainable tourism is a philosophy that underpins all tourism actions (Owens, Is there a Meaningful Definition of Sustainability? , 2003). To all tourism development and management, it is a fundamental concept instead of being an add-on factor. The foremost aim of sustainable tourism is to maintain the economic and social return of tourism development while reducing or justifying the unattractive impacts on the natural, historic, cultural or social environment (Governemnt, 2009). The stated objectives attained by matching the needs of tourists with those of the destination. Sustainable tourism is an industry, which challenges to make a little impact on the environment and the local culture, though helping to produce income, employment and the preservation of local ecology. Hence, responsible tourism is both cost-effectively and culturally responsive, meaning have minimum impact on the environment and culture of the host community (Group, 2007). Scotland Tourism Organization has defined sustainable tourism as â€Å"tourism committed to generating a low impact on the surrounding environment and community by acting responsibly while generating income and employment for the local economy and aiding social cohesion† (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Scotland Sustainable tourism aspires to guarantee that economic development in terms of encouraging experience for each one involved local community, Tourism Companies and visitors. In practice, sustainable tourism means greener transport, given that transport is innermost to tourism; however it also put pressure on our natural resources and contributes to our worldwide environment impacts. Procedures like cheering visitors to utilize communal transport, and advance in cleaner forms of transport will assist in this area (Organisation v. . , 2013). Regular and environmental strains a more even stretch of visitors lessens pressures on the natural and built environment and on communities, and capitalizes on the financial payback. Scotland Tourism Organization modifies its advertising drive to persuade a stretch of visitors throughout the year and around state (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For example, â€Å"surprise yourself†. There is necessary to work with the public, private and independent sectors to determine the environmental and social impacts of tourism. These guarantees that tourism expansion carries a encouraging experience for home people, tourism companies and the tourist themselves (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Green accommodation is one in that all room offers lessens their misuse, energy and water use. The green Tourism Business Scheme persuades businesses to trim down their environmental impacts. The scheme is one of the largest of its land in Europe with over 800 Scottish members (Organisation v. s. , 2013). However, any tourism industry can take advantage from flattering more sustainable through safeguarding the very features on which tourism depends; taking a sustainable move to tourism expansion is the only way to guarantee long-term tourism expansion in the South Pacific (Organisation v. s. , 2013). The success of tourism in any country depends on taking care of the environmental or social impacts of tourism development. The visitors benefit from sustainable move to tourism throughout from enhanced relates with local communities, a tall value tourism experiences and a natural and fabricated environment. Thus, by fetching a sustainable tourism destination will provide the South Pacific Tourism Businesses a cutthroat frame by producing community assistance for tourism; attaining value savings and designing innovative marketing prospect. As the tourism industry develop in as many regions and countries, it generates noteworthy impact on the consumption pattern, natural resources, pollution and social systems (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For the industry to survive as a whole it is vital to understand and interpret the need sustainable and responsible planning and management. To begin with, education and collaborative partnership are approaches that can assist destinations attain more sustainable tourism. The whole idea of sustainability based on the association through environmental, ecologically and socially responsible tourism. Partnerships with local communities through rural community gathering before and during development are needed in order to let alone the frequent divergence between conservation initiatives and traditional resources users (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). The departments from the government can collaborate with the resource owners to develops and negotiate over the investment on proposal (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). For example, the Chumbe Island Coral Park is a good example of collaborate partnership, which was developed to sustain the natural beauty and attractions of the island (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). Chumbe Island is located in the Indian Ocean channel of the coast of the semi autonomous region of Zanzibar (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). The person responsible for the project on the natural park at Chumbe Island was (David, 2011). During her work life, (David, 2011) experience the need for the conservation and sustaining of the natural flora and fauna. (David, 2011) developed an innovative approach to protect marine conservation combined with tourism development through the sustainable and multilevel partnership approach to promote successful marine park management, awareness of marine conservation and sustainable tourism management. David, 2011) Develop a small marine park that would help consume a unspoiled coral reef, offer environmental education for both the locals and the foreign visitors and generate management fund through authentic ecotourism. Thus, the need for the park at Chumbe Island arose due to improper aid and the government in the country noted conservation programs. Hence, the collaborative partnership arose to sustain the nature conservation of Tanzania for the future (English National Park Authori ties Association, 2009). Secondly, the partnership approach deals with the local communities because they are the essential people who are the resource owners (Governemnt, 2009). Engaging the local community in the environmental education on sustainability through workshops and seminars will increase their concerns for the global issues such as climate change (Clark, 2013). In addition, collaboration with NGO has to hold workshops with the angler’s, to engage them in sustainable fishing practices and conservation of the resources (David, 2011). Thus, the young and the old generation in the area is to be informed about sustainable fishing practices, laws and regulation regarding fishing practices and marine conservation area and the benefits of marine protected areas (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003). All this environmental awareness, education and training initiative with the community are to provide skill development on sustainable tourism (Group, 2007). The scale of growth of the tourism industry In the South Pacific is rapidly and that the environmental and social, economic impacts of it cannot be overlooked (Azam & Sarker, 2011). This has caused the Pacific Region to find ways in which the industries could be made more sustainable. The industry is more sustainable through minimizing resource use and waste production (Othman, 2004). For the sustainability of tourism, water is the major issue for concern. For example, a tourist in a hotels uses on standard one third of more water per day than a local inhabitant uses and put severe restriction on local supply (Othman, 2004). Activities such as golf course, artificial snow ski’ resorts are in demand of water. For small and medium sized business, sustainability thought of an expensive and difficult idea (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). Most of the dominating tourism industries in the South Pacific have not actively engaged in government activities that encourages that adoption of sustainability practices (David, 2011). There are a number of barriers identified by the researchers that hinds implementing sustainability practices in South Pacific tourism businesses including the financial crisis for implementation, the labor insecurity of being certified, lack of government and industry support the technical nature of information forums. Hence are a number of actions businesses could undertake to improve environmental performance (Azam & Sarker, 2011). Activities’ relating to efficient resources use and waste management includes minimizing energy consumption, for example using open ventilation instead of air-conditioning and heaters encouraging the use of renewable sources and improved technology also Getting involved in accreditation programs (Owens, Is there a Meaningful Definition of Sustainability? 2003). There is a need to promote and facilitate the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials and water quality including the efficient treatment of sewerage, avoiding discharge into marine and rivers (Organisation, 2005). For example, in Australia the Australian formula 1 ING grand Prix Corporation, which works with environmental packaging and waste recycling partner to minimize the impact of the race on the environment? Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008) Thus, by minimizing waste use, energy use and waste production, businesses can reduce their impact on the environment and achieve cost savings (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003). Furthermore, the conserving and giving value to natural and cultural heritage is of critical importance’s, in order to enhance the quality of life of local communities through tourism, and connect the people in is scheduling and management (Organisation, 2005). The growing awareness’s and generating direct and indirect support for conservation is the key role played by the tourism industry (Group, 2007). The generation of economic propensity for the tourism industry is to provide with quality natural and cultural heritage (Azam & Sarker, 2011). This would ensure the long-term competitiveness, viability and the prosperity of tourism enterprises and destinations and the quality of life of local communities and to the visitor experience by providing a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience to the visitors available to all without discrimination by gender, race, religion, disability or in other ways (Organisation, 2005). Areas that are of importance to tourism natural and cultural includes the natural landscapes quality and variety, man-made cultural landscapes, heritage and historic sites, the flora and fauna diversity, local uniqueness such as art, crafts, cuisine, language events and festivals (Organisation, 2005). Thus, to address these issues listed above relevant action like being more prepared to use the tourism argument as to fund the prevention of nature and culture and to prevent damaging change (Clark, 2013). Also strengthening the relationship between protected area and local tourism interest, within the context of a sustainable tourism strategy and action plan would lead the South Pacific to be more sustainable (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Sustainable development is holistic in nature; therefore, it requires management of policies and coordination of action between sectors (Othman, 2004). To control the impact of tourism initiated by environmental or developmental strategies and policies legislation and regulations are necessary (Governemnt, 2009). Appropriate strategies or sets of policies for specific aspects of tourism were developed. For example, in Bulgaria the separate strategy for ecotourism, which reflects the sustainability principles? (Bonevac, 2010) This initiative can also be taken by the local Ministry of Environment of Tourism to integrate the strategy in terms of regulations (David, 2011). In coordinating and ensuring success of this specific sub-sector, such regulations and legislations can be very helpful. This can be very helpful in demonstrating processes and formulating policies that could be modified more widely in tourism (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003). Strategy and policies must be developed and implemented at both local and national level in order to achieve effective result. Most countries in the South Pacific are in the process of decentralizing their political and administrative structures so local decision-making is the vital aspect toward sustainability development (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). An integrated approach to the development and management of tourism is within local destinations, is recognized as the most successful direction to sustainable tourism (Governemnt, 2009). Thus, it is vital for the national and local strategies to be corresponding but these two variable in tourism strategies vary in terms of national tourism strategies relates to the national tourism vision of the overall position and direction (Organisation v. s. , 2013). While local tourism strategies relates to the holistic of the local destinations in areas such as local objectives and priorities, local resource opportunity and constraints and many more (David, 2011). Hence, the identifying of policies and instruments to create the enabling environment for sustainable tourism is more of national strategy while the determining of what happens on ground is more of local strategies (Governemnt, 2009). Both the national and local tourism strategies are required for sustainable tourism to embrace the principles of sustainable development and both strategies are reliable and commonly reinforcing (Othman, 2004). Finally, the command control instrument allows government to exert strict control over certain aspects of development and operation, backed by legislation (Organisation, 2005). Legislation, regulation and licensing are the interdependent tools that can be used to strengthen sustainability by setting out requirements that are compulsory and enforceable and which lead to sanctions and penalties if they not met (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). The process of checking and signaling compliance with regulations or otherwise identified obligatory standards; assigning permission to operate is called licensing (Organisation, 2005). To control aspects of business development and operations and to influence people’s behavior government are in a position to apply laws, regulations and penalties. These legislation and regulations must be applied when the governments believes that it is necessary to do so (Governemnt, 2009). Thus, for regulations to be successful, it has to be relevant, clear, practicable in terms of compliance and capable of being enforced. In order the tourism industry to be more sustainable the laws and legislations should enable and support the sustainability of tourism and give authority to act (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). It should also seek to raise sustainability performance above such standards through other means, which would also stimulate personal commitment towards continual improvement. For example, in the government of Fiji builds up a (EIA) environmental Impact Assessment regulation, which stated that for any company or hotel with an EIA reports in Fiji, has to provide the Fiji Government with an EIA report of the development to progress (Turnbull, 2003). There are a number of areas in which laws and regulations can be implemented to attain more sustainable tourism industry and that includes operation, management and development which are controlled by this legislation to protect the environment, communities, culture and heritage, visitor experience and the business as a whole (Turnbull, 2003). The purpose of government intervention in the sector as law provides a vehicle for underpinning sustainability. These legislations can also provide the basis for enabling the control and licensing of activities specific to the tourism sector and for the undertaking to certain action to support tourism development (Organisation v. s. , 2013). To conclude, sustainable tourism is all about forecasting of long-term, working together examining on results and adaptive to change and the most effective thing is communication to put across the message of sustainable tourism. It is the duty of the private, public and independent sector to acquire leadership role in tackle the challenge of this sector. The degree at which the tourism industry is increasing in the South Pacific forecasts that the environmental and social impacts of tourism cannot be disregarded. Traditionally, a number of sustainable tourism activities has been carried out and is supported by the national Tourism Organization of the South Pacific countries. However, there are a number of challenges that still stay alive and need attention in order to be more sustainable tourism industry, like climate change. In order to tackle these challenges and grip future sustainable opportunities in a harmonized manner, research and development done in these South Pacific countries to handle these issues through sustainable tourism strategy plan. The tourism strategies plans would assist the tourism industry to change unenthusiastic community discernment of the industry and achieve economic benefits through sustainable practices. It believed that it would egg on business to hold sustainable tourism practices in order to meet consumers demand and to improve business performance. Sustainable tourism should be broadcasted and celebrated amongst tourists, host communities and the participants in the industry move the industry toward sustainability. Nevertheless, the commitment to change and improve must be authentic and supported on well-established procedures and actions that is to be achieved. Assignment Essay. (2016, Sep 09).